Kepemimpinan Pendekatan Dari Segi Situasi

A. Model Kontingensi Kepemimpinan

Hubungan antara pemimpin dan bawahan menjalaskan sampai sejauh mana pemimpin itu dipercaya dan disukai oleh bawahan dan kemauan bawahan untuk mengikuti petunjuk pimpinan.

Menurut House, tingkah laku pimpinan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4, yaitu:

Supportive Leadership yaitu menunjukan perhatian terhadap kesejahteraan bawahan dan menciptakan iklim kerja yang bersahabat.

Directive Leadership yaitu mengarahkan bawahan untuk bekerja sesuai aturan, prosedur dan petunjuk yang ada.

Parsipative Leadership yaitu konsultasi dengan bawahan dalam pengambilan keputusan.

Achievement Oriented Leadership yaitu menentukan tujan organisasi dan menekankan perlunya kinerja yang memuaskan.

Menurut Path Goal Theory

Ada 2 variabel situasi yang sangat menentukan efektifitas pemimpin, yaitu:

1. Karakteristik pribadi para bawahan/karyawan.

2. Lingkungan internal organisasi. Misalnya peraturan, prosedur, dll.

B. Teori kepemimpinan Vroom dan Yetton

Teori kepeminmpinan vroom & yetton adalah jenis teori kontingensi yang menitikberatkan pada hal pengambilan keputusan yang dilakukan oleh pemimpin. Teori vroom dan yetton juga di sebut teori normative karena mengarah pada pemberian suatu rekomendasi tentang gaya kepemimpinan yang sebaiknya di gunakan dalam situasi tertentu. Dalam hal ini ada 5 jenis cirri pengambilan keputusan dalam teori ini :

1. A-I : pemimpin mengambil sendiri keputusan berasarkan informasi yang ada padanya saat itu.

2. A-II : pemimpin memperoleh informasi dari bawahannya dan mengambil keputusan berdasarkan informasi yang didapat. jadi peran bahawan hanya memberikan informasi, bukan memberikan alternatif.

3. C-I : pemimpin memberitahukan masalah yang sedang terjadi kepada bawahan secara pribadi, lalu kemudian memperoleh informasi tanpa mengumpulkan semua bawahannya secara kelompok, setelah itu mengambil keputusan dengan mempertimbangkan/ tidak gagasan dari bawahannya.

4. C-II : pemimpin mengumpulkan semua bawahannya secara kelompok, lalu menanyakan gagasan mereka terhadap masalah yang sedang ada, dan mengambil keputusan dengan mempertimbangkan/tidak gagasan bawahannya

5. G-II : pemimpin memberitahukan masalah kepada bawahanya secara berkelompok, lalu bersama – sama merundingkan jalan keluarnya, dan mengambil keputusan yang disetujui oleh semua pihak.

Contoh kepemimpinan yang menggunakan gaya kepemimpinan vroom dan yetton dalam mengambil keputusan adalah ketua Osis. Apabila dalam melaksanakan tugas mengalami kesulitan dalam mengambil keputusan ketua Osis selalu meminta pendapat dari bawahannya. Dengan mengadakan rapat Osis di mana setiap anggota berkumpil dan memberikan saran atas msalah yang di hadapi. Contohnya dalam menyelenggarakan hari kemerdekaan, bagaimana acara dapat berjalan dengan lancar serta bagaimana mendapatkan dana untuk menyelenggarakan acara tersebut. Ketua Osis menampung semua pendapat dari bendahara, seksi acara, seksi humas dll.

Dari contoh di atas dapat di ambil kesimpilan bahwa ketua Osis memakai gaya kepemimpinan G-II yaitu pemimpin memberitahukan masalah kepada bawahanya secara berkelompok, lalu bersama – sama merundingkan jalan keluarnya, dan mengambil keputusan yang disetujui oleh semua pihak.

Kepemimpinan

A. Sumber dan Dasar Kekuasaan

Kekuasaan adalah kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi, yang berarti mempunyai kemampuan untuk merubah perilaku atau sikap individu lainnya. French dan Raven mengidentifikasi 5 sumber kekuasaan yaitu:

1. Kekuasaan balas jasa (Reward Power)

Tipe kekuasaan ini memusatkan perhatian pada kemampuan untuk memberi ganjaran atau imbalan atas pekerjaan atau tugas yang dilakukan orang lain. Kekuasaan ini akan terwujud melalui suatu kejadian atau situasi yang memungkinkan orang lain menemukan kepuasan. Dalam deskripsi konkrit adalah ‘jika anda dapat menjamin atau memberi kepastian gaji atau jabatan saya meningkat, anda dapat menggunkan reward power anda kepada saya’. Pernyataan ini mengandung makna, bahwa seseorang dapat melakukan reward power karena ia mampu memberi kepuasan kepada orang lain.

2. Kekuatan paksaan (Coercive Power)

Kekuasaan yang bertipe paksaan ini, lebih memusatkan pandangan kemampuan untuk memberi hukuman kepada orang lain. Tipe koersif ini berlaku jika bawahan merasakan bahwa atasannya yang mempunyai ‘lisensi’ untuk menghukum dengan tugas-tugas yang sulit, mencaci maki sampai kekuasaannya memotong gaji karyawan. Menurut David Lawless, jika tipe kekuasaan yang poersif ini terlalu banyak digunakan akan membawa kemungkinan bawahan melakukan tindakan balas dendam atas perlakuan atau hukuman yang dirasakannya tidak adil, bahkan sangat mungkin bawahan atau karyawan akan meninggalkan pekerjaan yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya.

3. Kekuatan sah (Legitimate Power)

Kekuasaan yang sah adalah kekuasaan yang sebenarnya (actual power), ketika seseorang melalui suatu persetujuan dan kesepakatan diberi hak untuk mengatur dan menentukan perilaku orang lain dalam suatu organisasi. Tipe kekuasaan ini bersandar pada struktur social suatu organisasi, dan terutama pada nilai-nilai cultural. Dalam contoh yang nyata, jika seseorang dianggap lebih tua, memiliki senioritas dalam organisasi, maka orang lain setuju untuk mengizinkan orang tersebut melaksanakan kekuasaan yang sudah dilegitimasi tersebut.

4. Kekuatan ahli (Expert Power)

Kekuasaan yang berdasar pada keahlian ini, memfokuskan diri pada suatu keyakinan bahwa seseorang yang mempunyai kekuasaan, pastilah ia memiliki pengetahuan, keahlian dan informasi yang lebih banyak dalam suatu persoalan. Seorang atasan akan dianggap memiliki expert power tentang pemecahan suatu persoalan tertentu, kalau bawahannya selalu berkonsultasi dengan pimpinan tersebut dan menerima jalan pemecahan yang diberikan pimpinan. Inilah indikasi dari munculnya expert power.

5. Kekuatan Panutan (Referent Power)

Tipe kekuasaan ini didasarkan pada satu hubungan ‘kesukaan’ atau liking, dalam arti ketika seseorang mengidentifikasi orang lain yang mempunyai kualitas atau persyaratan seperti yang diinginkannya. Dalam uraian yang lebih konkrit, seorang pimpinan akan mempunyai referensi terhadap para bawahannya yang mampu melaksanakan pekerjaan dan bertanggung jawab atas pekerjaan yang diberikan atasannya.

Eating Junk Food

We may have to stop eating a fast food or usually said “junk food”. Why? Junk food is contains many calories but have little nutritional value amount. It makes junk food becomes less healthy foods for consumption. By eating the kind of food that is classified as junk food, instead people will not feel full, so it will only cause a person to eat to excess, which will make one's problems with weight and health.

Junk food very easy to find, although the food is not good for health, but these foods have a lot of fans and maybe you also one of them. Not only adults, children also love junk food. Not a secret anymore that junk food can cause various health problems. I'll tell you that health problems would you feel if you often consume junk food.

First, as we know, junk food is contains many calories. Food is fuel for our bodies. It has a direct impact on overall body health. Junk food mostly fast food that contain carbohydrates, sugar, healthy fats, and salt (sodium). A serving of junk food offers a large number of calories, but the nutritional value in it only a little or even nothing at all.

A study published in JAMA Pediatrics in 2013 showed that many children and adolescents who prefer to take the risk to get more calories in fast food and restaurant than the food served at home. According to the National Institutes of Health, some fast food overall just calories in high quantities, where it is so impact on overweight which is one of the factors increase the risk for many chronic health problems. Too often consume fast food to replace nutritious foods can lead to malnutrition and poor health for us.

Learning English

In the global era, as now, there will be more developments in this country. Ranging from free trade, the increasing number of foreign companies established in Indonesia so that the use of international language, such as English already very widespread. Of course, to the prospective entrepreneurs and job seekers has become a necessity to be able to master the English language in order to follow the changing times in this era this globalization. Like what his great influence in the international English language?

English is the most widely used language in the world. This language is the mother tongue for more than 400 million people worldwide. In every day millions of people use English in the workplace and in social life. When heads of government meet, English is the language most often used.

English is the common language. When visiting other countries around the world, of course you do not understand the local language. But, since English is the common language, as foreigners in an area you can use English to communicate. English is very useful for international traveller.

Passive Sentence

Passive Sentence

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Use of the passive voice is not a grammatical error. It’s a stylistic issue that pertains to clarity—that is, there are times when using the passive voice can prevent a reader from understanding what you mean. In a passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence. In fact, the action is performed on it.

Example: My bike was stolen.

Form of Passive

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active (S + V1 (s/es) + O/C)	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive (S + To Be (am, is, are) + V3 + O/C)	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active (S + V2 + O/C)	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive (S + was/were + V3 + O/C)	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active (S + have/has + V3 + O/C)	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive (S + have/has + been + V3 +O/C)	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Simple Future	Active (S + will/shall + V1 + O/C)	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive (S + will/shall + be + V3 + O/C)	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Present Continuous	Active (S + To Be (am, is, are) + Ving + O/C)	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive (S + To Be + (am, is, are) + being + V3 + O/C)	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Continuous	Active (S + was/were + Ving + O/C)	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive (S + was/were + being + V3 + O/C)	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Future Perfect	Active (S + will/shall + have + V3 + O/C)	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive (S + will/shall + have + been + V3 + O/C)	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active (S + had + V3 + O/C)	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive (S + had + been + V3 + O/C)	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Past Future	Active (S + would/should + V1 + O/C)	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive (S + would/should + be + V3 + O/C)	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Past Future Perfect	Active (S + would/should + have + V3 + O/C)	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive (S + would/should + have  + been + V3 + O/C)	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

My Hobby

Hello, let me introduce myself, my name is Eggy Fachry Haris, but you can call me Eggy. I’m a senior student of Economic’s Management on Gunadarma University. I have some hobbies and now, i’ll tell you what my hobbies is.

I have enthusiasm on music. I love music so much. I likes listening many song on a day with a different genre. I like British Pop genre, Metal genre, Rock, Punk, even Jazz. Feels like can’t life without music, understand? So bored. I have a favourite band, they are came from Manchester, England. Oasis. I love this band because i love british pop, i love they style, they have a class. Oasis have two unique members and they must be Noel Gallagher and Liam Gallagher. Noel and Liam are brothers. Liam the young brother is a good singer for me, i like his voices when he sing. Noel the old brother have a skill to make a good song, he is a great musician. He is so calm and cold, not like his brother who wild, rude and arrogant.

I like to playing some instruments too, i usually play a bass or a guitar. When i home, i sing and play some song with my guitar. But, when i’m on a music studio, i usually playing a bass for my band. Yes, i have a band, but not for my career, we playing a music just for fun. My band name is ‘Alaindelon’, taken from the name of manga character. One of my bandmates is my classmates, Adlan, he is a great left handed guitarist and the other two is Maski on vocal and Nae on drum. When Maski and Nae is so busy with their college stuff or schedule, Adlan and i usually practice with Andri on a music studio. Andri is a metal drummer, he has a great skill and his band has a big name in this city. My enthusiasm  on music makes me have more friends and new insight about music.

Besides music, i have some interest of reading and writing a story. I have some fiction novels on my bookshelf. I have some favourites novelist, they are Dewi Lestari and Andrea Hirata.  I have read some books by them and i really love it. I love how they write the story, makes me feel like get into the story. I love writing a story too, but still learning. I have a blog, a personal blog. My blog name is ‘ga je Blog’ and it’s been active since 5 years ago. I write my story on that blog for 5 years. I use blogger as my free platform. I have some readers and some fans. I decide to join a blog comunity, so i can sharing with other blogger. I’m joining one of the largest blog comunity in Indonesia, Kancut Keblenger. I join this comunity since 2014. After joining this comunity, i got some friends, information about blog competition, new experience and after all, fame. I hope i can be a novelist like Dewi Lestari and Andrea Hirata. Yeah, i made my way, start from blog.